According to Jo S. Hockenhull, PhD, of the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Bristol, England, the most prevalent problem was shying (50%), followed by walking off while being mounted (46%), and leaning on the bit (45%), which may be attributed simply to poor riding practices. More dangerous behaviours such as bucking, rearing and bolting were rare. One encouraging number from this study was that 88% of the riders had consulted with a professional to check their saddle’s fit, with 61% having it rechecked annually.
Just how much influence does a poorly-fitted saddle have on a horse’s performance? Jochen Schleese of Newmarket, ON, who became the youngest Certified Master Saddler in Europe in 1984 at the age of 22, had already crafted over 1,000 saddles before he watched a video of a horse galloping on a treadmill. Seeing how the saddle was interfering with the shoulder was a life-changing moment.“When I thought back about how many saddles I had made with what I was being taught was right … I knew I had to get this information out to fellow colleagues, trainers, saddle manufacturers . We needed to go back to the old system, the way we always made and checked saddles, and stop crippling the horse long-term.”
Signs of a Poorly-Fitted Saddle
Pain can manifest in a number of ways:
• back sore to the touch
• ‘hunter’s bump’ (damage to the sacroiliac)
• scooting down and away from pain while being ridden
• tight barrel (abdominal muscles tensed)
• white patches of hair on withers (indicating pressure points)
• “cold” back or cinchy (aversion to being saddled)
• pinning ears, rolling eyes, switching tail
• rearing, bucking
• stumbling
• head tossing or rooting, champing the bit
• lack of engagement behind
• hollow back when jumping
• refusing jumps
• four-beat canter
• generally bad attitude while being ridden
Problem Areas
Balance
If the saddle sits too high in the back, it pinches the withers and causes rider to lean back (chair seat). Too high in front and the rider’s weight shifts over the last two floating ribs, creating a lot of pressure and causing the rider to sit with rolled shoulders, which can contribute to lower back pain.
A well-balanced saddle distributes the rider’s weight over a large area, creating a secure seat and allowing the rider to easily pivot their pelvis forward or back.
Wither Clearance
“We all learn in Pony Club that our saddle should have 2-3 fingers clearance,” says Schleese. But there also has to be 2-3 finger’s worth of clearance on the sides as well, depending on the horse’s conformation (i.e. high-withered vs mutton-withered). The tree points must clear the shoulder, or over time it will eventually chip cartilage and bone away.
Channel (gullet) Width
It is important that the saddle has no contact with the spine; this includes the spinous processes, the area on each side (transfer processes) and the dorsal ligaments. It does not matter how many saddle pads you put on if there is deep muscle pressure! The correct channel clearance allows the back to raise up, which is important for collection, bascule, etc.
If you determine the horse needs, for instance, a four-finger-width clearance, it must be the entire length of the channel. Conversely, a gullet that is too wide can concentrate weight on the ribs.
Full Panel Contact
Panel pressure should be even from front to back over a 220 sq. in. area. A computerized saddle pad can detect “bridging” (excess amounts of pressure in certain areas).
Billet Alignment
Billets should hang perpendicular to the ground and in the correct area. If they have to be pulled forward into the girth area, the saddle will also be pulled forward into the shoulder. If they have to be pulled back, so will the saddle.
Saddle Length
If the saddle is too long from front to back for that particular horse’s conformation and sits in the lumbar region, it can irritate the kidneys and ovaries.
Straightness
Have someone ride behind you and tell you if your saddle is straight. When viewed from back, the centre of the saddle should be centred over the horse’s spine. A chronically crooked saddle can cause damage to the sacroiliac. A lop-sided rider can cause the saddle to be crooked, and padding can get compressed more on one side than the other over time.
Tree Angle
Tree angle must match shoulder angle, not the wither angle. There must be room for the wither muscle to expand in order to lift the shoulder back. If the saddle pinches at the side of the withers, the horse may drop his back and refuse to move forward.
Tree Width
Tree width changes as the horse grows and develops, and should allow for range of motion of the shoulder rotating back when the leg moves forward. Too narrow and it interferes with the shoulder and limits freedom of movement; too wide and the riders’ weight will cause the saddle to hit the top of the withers. Once again, this is not something that can be fixed with a saddle pad!
Points to consider when purchasing:
• an adjustable saddle tree (both width and angle)
• wide channel clearance along the entire width
• rear-facing tree points to prevent permanent shoulder damage
• shoulder relief panels to accommodate larger shoulders
• a flexible tree that follows the motion of the horse’s back
